Citizen journalism, sometimes referred to as participatory journalism, can be defined as news gathered and reported by everyday citizens (nonjournalists) not employed by news organizations, such as newspapers, magazines, broadcast television, and radio.

The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram. They measured the willingness of study participants, men from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience; the experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of people were prepared to obey, albeit unwillingly, even if apparently causing serious injury and distress.

<div><font face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In Malaysia, the federal government often negotiates and signs major infrastructure deals with foreign entities (e.g. ports, railways, industrial zones), which typically take place within specific states (e.g. Pahang, Johor). State governments hold limited powers over land and local governance. While they are informed about these deals, they do not have formal authority to approve or reject them.</span></font></div><div><font face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A notable example is the Kuantan Industrial Park and Port, part of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).</span></font></div>